WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT...
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE 20TH CENTURY
EUROPE AFTER WORLD WAR 1
The Legacy of World War 1
11hr of 11 /11 / 1918
Death and damage
Downfall of Empires
New states (Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia)
Rise of USA
Rise of Communism in USSR
Versailles
USA GB France and Italy. Wilson, George, Clemenceau, Orlando.
14 Point Plan = League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
No choice for Weimar Gov. Unfair? War guilt clause a cause of WW2?
Demilitarisation of Rhineland, max 100000 men. No subs or aircraft. Small navy.
Anschluss forbidden
£6.6 billion in gold.
League of Nations
To achieve peace by making each member responsible for each other’s security.
Assembly (all countries represented, one vote, unanimous)
Council of Ministers (unanimous, main decisions)
Secretariat
International Court of Justice
Failed because:
· Unanimous
· No army
· USA did not join. Germany and Russia for a short time.
Success in minor dispute between Finland and Sweden
Failures: Japan in China; Italy in Abyssinia; Hitler and Versailles
Democracy and Dictatorship
Dictatorship: One man or party; control of press; no freedom of speech; secret police; no freedom of the individual.
Communist dictatorship
Marx. Abolish private property and profit. Revolution. State ownership. No religion.
1917 Lenin. 1924 Stalin. Powerful country. Millions died.
Fascist dictatorship
· anti-Communist
· Extreme nationalism
· Racist
· Hostility to democracy
· Cult of the leader
· Use of violence to get power
MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY
Early career Socialist teacher. Wounded in WW1.
Founded Fascio di Combattimento (blackshirts)
Fasces
Why Fascism became popular.
1. Weak governments. 1 million dead. Disappointed with Paris Peace deal. Inflation and Unemployment.
2. Fear of Communism
3. Blackshirt violence.
4. March on Rome. Victor Emmanuel III
Becoming a Dictator
· 1923 biggest party gets 2/3 of seats
· Opposition walked when Matteotti was murdered
· Rule by decree
· OVRA secret police
· Il Duce. Cult of the Personality
· Brainwashing, Balila.
· Propaganda
Successes at home
· Autostada and railways
· Latern Treaty
· Pontine Marshes
· Employment
· ‘Battle for Grain’ ‘Battle for Births’
Foreign Policy
Aims: to recreate the Roman
Empire and to make the Med an Italian lake.
Took Libya, Abyssinia and Somalia.
Friendship developed with Hitler = 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis (allowed anchluss if Italy kept South Tyrol)
1939 Pact of Steel (full military alliance)
Italy did not join WW2 (army not ready) until Germany seemed to be winning in 1940.
Hitler had to send Rommel to help Italy in North Africa.
The End
Allies invaded
Mussolini arrested on king’s orders.
Nazis released him. Puppet gov.
Partisans killed him
HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY
Early career Austrian
Blamed Jews for art failure in Vienna
Dispatch rider in German army. 2 Iron crosses. Wounded twice.
Joined Nazi party as gov spy.
Became leader.
Munich Putsch. Trial and Jail, (Mein Kampf)
Hitler’s Ideas
· Superior Aryan Race must be kept clean.
· Lebensraum
· Jews undermining Germany
· Anti-Communist
· Abolish Versailles
· Weimar weak
Why Nazism became popular.
· Weak governments
· Economic problems
· Great depression
· Popular policies on Versailles, Communism, Jews.
· Violence. SA ‘Brownshirts’ (Rohm) SS and Gestapo (Himmler)
· Propaganda
· Hitler’s personality (speeches)
Becoming a dictator
1. More popular in 1930s. Elected Chancellor in 1933.
2. SA and SS beat up opponents
3. Reichstag fire = banned socialists
4. Enabling law = rule by decree
5. Banned all other parties. Fuhrer.
Propaganda
Goebbles
Strict
censorship
Mass rallies
Olympic games
Books burned and rewritten
Hitler Youth. League of German Maidens
Successes at home
6 million found jobs in 3 years
Autobahns
Volkswagen
Rearmament
The Jews
Anti-Semitism
Nuremberg laws (no citizenship, no intermarriage, star of David)
Crystal Night
Ghettoes
Final Solution.
The Drift to War in Europe
Hitler’s aims:
· Unite all German speakers
· Lebensraum
· Destroy Treaty of Versailles
1934 people of the Saar voted to rejoin Germany
1934 Mussolini rushed troops to prevent Anschluss
1935 An agreement with GB on a limit to the size of the navy but not on submarines.
1936 Rhineland demilitarised. A gamble.
1936 Rome-Berlin Axis.
Friendship with Italy because:
Hitler backed invasion of Abyssinia
Co-operation in the Spanish Civil War
1938 Anschluss referendum
Sudetenland
1938 Munich Conference. Chamberlain. Appeasement
1939 6 months. Rest of Czechoslovakia.
1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact. (10 year non-aggression, divide Poland)
31 August 1939 invasion of Poland
WORLD WAR II
Invasion of Poland
SS dressed up 29th of August
3rd September GB and France declare war.
Blitzkrieg
Luftwaffe, then Panzers then motorised infantry. Poland defeated in 5 weeks.
Phoney War
Fighting on sea only.
Denmark and Norway
Spring 1940, Denmark in a day.
Norway was to protect neutral Sweden’s iron ore getting to Germany. Quisling in Norway.
France
Wrong to think the Ardennes would send the Germans through Belgium (Maginot Line)
Dunkirk 300,000British and French troops evacuated in ‘Operation Dynamo’
France surrendered in the same railway carriage as WW1 German surrender.
Vichy France and Occupied France.
Resistance
Operation Sea Lion and The Battle of Britain
German plan = Sea Lion
Churchill ‘We shall never surrender’.
RAF Spitfire and Hurricanes and Radar V Luftwaffe.
The Blitz
North Africa
Oil
Italy incompetent.
Rommel’s Afrika corp successful at first.
Montgomery and El Alamein a turning point.
Operation Barbarossa
June 1941 (bad time) 3 pronged attack on Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev.
Russian retreat. Scorched earth policy.
Stalin’s ‘Great Patriotic War’
German troops and machines not able for Russian winter.
Stalingrad (control of Caucasus oil fields) big turning point.
USA Joins the War
USA had supplied food and weapons to GB. Allied convoys had tried to fend off U-Boat ‘Wolfpacks’.
Japan’s Empire.
Dec 1941 Pearl Harbour. US navy lucky as only 18 ships sunk.
Eventually Alllied ships, weapons (depth charges), sonar, code-breaking and air reconnaissance won.
Allied Bombing
US Flying Fortresses and GB Lancasters bombed German cities and factories.
German retaliation with V1 and V2 rockets.
Allied Advance 1942-1945
GB and US troops up through Italy.
Russians pushed back. Battle of the Kursk (biggest tank battle)
Operation Overlord. D-Day 6 June 1944 Normandy (shallow) Utah, Omaha, Juno, Gold and Sword. Mulberry Harbours. Gliders and parachutes. Pluto, the pipeline.
Battle of the Bulge
Hitler's suicide and VE day 15th August 1945
Defeat of Japan
US helped by Australia and GB.
Island hopping. Aircraft carriers. Kamakazi.
Battles of Midway, Coral Sea and Iwo Jima.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Why the Allies Won
· Larger armies
· USA wealth and weapons ‘the arsenal of democracy’
· Oil
Results of WW2
· Destruction (Marshall Aid
· Nuremberg trials
· Germany divided
· Cold War
· Super powers
· European Unity
MOVES TOWARDS EUROPEAN UNITY
Reasons for European Unity.
1. To keep the peace
2. To revive economies
3. To compete with superpowers
4. To resist communism
Steps towards European Unity:
Robert Schumann (French Foreign minister) believed that if German and French coal and steel industries depended
on each other, there would be peace.
Konrad Adenauer (German Chancellor) agreed with ‘the Schumann Plan’.
EUROPE AFTER WORLD WAR 1
The Legacy of World War 1
11hr of 11 /11 / 1918
Death and damage
Downfall of Empires
New states (Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia)
Rise of USA
Rise of Communism in USSR
Versailles
USA GB France and Italy. Wilson, George, Clemenceau, Orlando.
14 Point Plan = League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
No choice for Weimar Gov. Unfair? War guilt clause a cause of WW2?
Demilitarisation of Rhineland, max 100000 men. No subs or aircraft. Small navy.
Anschluss forbidden
£6.6 billion in gold.
League of Nations
To achieve peace by making each member responsible for each other’s security.
Assembly (all countries represented, one vote, unanimous)
Council of Ministers (unanimous, main decisions)
Secretariat
International Court of Justice
Failed because:
· Unanimous
· No army
· USA did not join. Germany and Russia for a short time.
Success in minor dispute between Finland and Sweden
Failures: Japan in China; Italy in Abyssinia; Hitler and Versailles
Democracy and Dictatorship
Dictatorship: One man or party; control of press; no freedom of speech; secret police; no freedom of the individual.
Communist dictatorship
Marx. Abolish private property and profit. Revolution. State ownership. No religion.
1917 Lenin. 1924 Stalin. Powerful country. Millions died.
Fascist dictatorship
· anti-Communist
· Extreme nationalism
· Racist
· Hostility to democracy
· Cult of the leader
· Use of violence to get power
MUSSOLINI AND FASCIST ITALY
Early career Socialist teacher. Wounded in WW1.
Founded Fascio di Combattimento (blackshirts)
Fasces
Why Fascism became popular.
1. Weak governments. 1 million dead. Disappointed with Paris Peace deal. Inflation and Unemployment.
2. Fear of Communism
3. Blackshirt violence.
4. March on Rome. Victor Emmanuel III
Becoming a Dictator
· 1923 biggest party gets 2/3 of seats
· Opposition walked when Matteotti was murdered
· Rule by decree
· OVRA secret police
· Il Duce. Cult of the Personality
· Brainwashing, Balila.
· Propaganda
Successes at home
· Autostada and railways
· Latern Treaty
· Pontine Marshes
· Employment
· ‘Battle for Grain’ ‘Battle for Births’
Foreign Policy
Aims: to recreate the Roman
Empire and to make the Med an Italian lake.
Took Libya, Abyssinia and Somalia.
Friendship developed with Hitler = 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis (allowed anchluss if Italy kept South Tyrol)
1939 Pact of Steel (full military alliance)
Italy did not join WW2 (army not ready) until Germany seemed to be winning in 1940.
Hitler had to send Rommel to help Italy in North Africa.
The End
Allies invaded
Mussolini arrested on king’s orders.
Nazis released him. Puppet gov.
Partisans killed him
HITLER AND NAZI GERMANY
Early career Austrian
Blamed Jews for art failure in Vienna
Dispatch rider in German army. 2 Iron crosses. Wounded twice.
Joined Nazi party as gov spy.
Became leader.
Munich Putsch. Trial and Jail, (Mein Kampf)
Hitler’s Ideas
· Superior Aryan Race must be kept clean.
· Lebensraum
· Jews undermining Germany
· Anti-Communist
· Abolish Versailles
· Weimar weak
Why Nazism became popular.
· Weak governments
· Economic problems
· Great depression
· Popular policies on Versailles, Communism, Jews.
· Violence. SA ‘Brownshirts’ (Rohm) SS and Gestapo (Himmler)
· Propaganda
· Hitler’s personality (speeches)
Becoming a dictator
1. More popular in 1930s. Elected Chancellor in 1933.
2. SA and SS beat up opponents
3. Reichstag fire = banned socialists
4. Enabling law = rule by decree
5. Banned all other parties. Fuhrer.
Propaganda
Goebbles
Strict
censorship
Mass rallies
Olympic games
Books burned and rewritten
Hitler Youth. League of German Maidens
Successes at home
6 million found jobs in 3 years
Autobahns
Volkswagen
Rearmament
The Jews
Anti-Semitism
Nuremberg laws (no citizenship, no intermarriage, star of David)
Crystal Night
Ghettoes
Final Solution.
The Drift to War in Europe
Hitler’s aims:
· Unite all German speakers
· Lebensraum
· Destroy Treaty of Versailles
1934 people of the Saar voted to rejoin Germany
1934 Mussolini rushed troops to prevent Anschluss
1935 An agreement with GB on a limit to the size of the navy but not on submarines.
1936 Rhineland demilitarised. A gamble.
1936 Rome-Berlin Axis.
Friendship with Italy because:
Hitler backed invasion of Abyssinia
Co-operation in the Spanish Civil War
1938 Anschluss referendum
Sudetenland
1938 Munich Conference. Chamberlain. Appeasement
1939 6 months. Rest of Czechoslovakia.
1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact. (10 year non-aggression, divide Poland)
31 August 1939 invasion of Poland
WORLD WAR II
Invasion of Poland
SS dressed up 29th of August
3rd September GB and France declare war.
Blitzkrieg
Luftwaffe, then Panzers then motorised infantry. Poland defeated in 5 weeks.
Phoney War
Fighting on sea only.
Denmark and Norway
Spring 1940, Denmark in a day.
Norway was to protect neutral Sweden’s iron ore getting to Germany. Quisling in Norway.
France
Wrong to think the Ardennes would send the Germans through Belgium (Maginot Line)
Dunkirk 300,000British and French troops evacuated in ‘Operation Dynamo’
France surrendered in the same railway carriage as WW1 German surrender.
Vichy France and Occupied France.
Resistance
Operation Sea Lion and The Battle of Britain
German plan = Sea Lion
Churchill ‘We shall never surrender’.
RAF Spitfire and Hurricanes and Radar V Luftwaffe.
The Blitz
North Africa
Oil
Italy incompetent.
Rommel’s Afrika corp successful at first.
Montgomery and El Alamein a turning point.
Operation Barbarossa
June 1941 (bad time) 3 pronged attack on Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev.
Russian retreat. Scorched earth policy.
Stalin’s ‘Great Patriotic War’
German troops and machines not able for Russian winter.
Stalingrad (control of Caucasus oil fields) big turning point.
USA Joins the War
USA had supplied food and weapons to GB. Allied convoys had tried to fend off U-Boat ‘Wolfpacks’.
Japan’s Empire.
Dec 1941 Pearl Harbour. US navy lucky as only 18 ships sunk.
Eventually Alllied ships, weapons (depth charges), sonar, code-breaking and air reconnaissance won.
Allied Bombing
US Flying Fortresses and GB Lancasters bombed German cities and factories.
German retaliation with V1 and V2 rockets.
Allied Advance 1942-1945
GB and US troops up through Italy.
Russians pushed back. Battle of the Kursk (biggest tank battle)
Operation Overlord. D-Day 6 June 1944 Normandy (shallow) Utah, Omaha, Juno, Gold and Sword. Mulberry Harbours. Gliders and parachutes. Pluto, the pipeline.
Battle of the Bulge
Hitler's suicide and VE day 15th August 1945
Defeat of Japan
US helped by Australia and GB.
Island hopping. Aircraft carriers. Kamakazi.
Battles of Midway, Coral Sea and Iwo Jima.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Why the Allies Won
· Larger armies
· USA wealth and weapons ‘the arsenal of democracy’
· Oil
Results of WW2
· Destruction (Marshall Aid
· Nuremberg trials
· Germany divided
· Cold War
· Super powers
· European Unity
MOVES TOWARDS EUROPEAN UNITY
Reasons for European Unity.
1. To keep the peace
2. To revive economies
3. To compete with superpowers
4. To resist communism
Steps towards European Unity:
- 1949 The Council of Europe.
10 countries (including Ireland). It has no real power but did set The European Court of Human Rights.
Citizens have won against their governments. - Jean Monnet (French economist) believed in a united Europe.
Robert Schumann (French Foreign minister) believed that if German and French coal and steel industries depended
on each other, there would be peace.
Konrad Adenauer (German Chancellor) agreed with ‘the Schumann Plan’.
THE RISE OF THE SUPERPOWERS
Causes of the Cold War · Political differences · Disagreements during WW2 . The US slow to open ‘second front’. 27 m Russians died. Atomic bomb not shared with USSR. · The Iron Curtain. Buffer zone of ‘satellite states’. Tension. · The Truman doctrine. Originally to help Greece and Turkey (Communist pressure) led to the ‘Marshall plan’. The Russians competed with ‘Comecon’ Case Study 1. The Berlin Blockade 1948. Causes. At Yalta and Potsdam, Germany was divided into zones. So was Berlin. These were supposed to be temporary. USSR wanted revenge and stripped its zone. The Allies did not want another Versailles and wanted a strong ally. Course. When the Allies introduced the Deutschmark the Russians cut off routes to Berlin. Russians hoping Allies would leave Berlin The Berlin Airlift. 3 air corridors. Plane landing every 90 seconds. People suffered. After 11 months in May 1949 blockade lifted Results · War did not happen · East and West Germany to stay · NATO and Warsaw Pact · Tension · 1961 The Berlin Wall. Case Study 2. The Korean War. After WW2 38th Parallel 1948 US backed Republic of Korea elected in the south (Seoul) USSR Democratic Republic of Korea in the north (Pyongyang) 1950 border incidents led to North invading South. UN (mainly US) army under MacArthur drove them back and went on to the Chinese border. Mao Tse tung entered the war and again the South was invaded. Truman sacked MacArthur. 1953 Stalin died (Khrushchev) and Eisenhower became President. War ended. 38th Parallel resumed. Results: · Over 1million dead. Country in ruins · Increased tension · New ally for US · UN authority established The Cold War Spreads · The Arms Race began in earnest (H-bombs, ICBMs) · Space Race (1957 Sputnik 1 first satellite, 1961 Gagarin in space, 1969 man on the moon) · Propaganda · Sports Case Study 3 The Cuban Missile Crisis US backed Batista dictatorship. US industry and sugar plantations. 1959 Castro’s communist revolution nationalised the above. US sanctions = Khrushchev + USSR bought Cuban sugar and sold weapons. Kennedy and CIA = Bay of Pigs failure. 1962 U2 photographed Soviet missile bases under construction in Cuba Kennedy’s blockade. Very close to war. USSR agreed to dismantle bases Results:
The Cold War Comes to an End 1985 Gorbachev comes to power. Wanted to reform communism so the people would be better off. ‘Perestroika’ (reconstruction) and Glastnost (openness) He wanted to cut military spending and made agreements with Reagan and Bush (snr) to scrap thousands of nuclear missiles. Gorbachev’s promise not to use force to prevent democracy (Breznev Doctrine) in eastern Europe led to the collapse of communism in East Germany and other countries 1989 Berlin Wall came down 1990 Germany reunited The USSR began to break up. THE RISE OF THE SUPERPOWERS Causes of the Cold War · Political differences · Disagreements during WW2 . The US slow to open ‘second front’. 27 m Russians died. Atomic bomb not shared with USSR. · The Iron Curtain. Buffer zone of ‘satellite states’. Tension. · The Truman doctrine. Originally to help Greece and Turkey (Communist pressure) led to the ‘Marshall plan’. The Russians competed with ‘Comecon’ Case Study 1. The Berlin Blockade 1948. Causes. At Yalta and Potsdam, Germany was divided into zones. So was Berlin. These were supposed to be temporary. USSR wanted revenge and stripped its zone. The Allies did not want another Versailles and wanted a strong ally. Course. When the Allies introduced the Deutschmark the Russians cut off routes to Berlin. Russians hoping Allies would leave Berlin The Berlin Airlift. 3 air corridors. Plane landing every 90 seconds. People suffered. After 11 months in May 1949 blockade lifted Results · War did not happen · East and West Germany to stay · NATO and Warsaw Pact · Tension · 1961 The Berlin Wall. Case Study 2. The Korean War. After WW2 38th Parallel 1948 US backed Republic of Korea elected in the south (Seoul) USSR Democratic Republic of Korea in the north (Pyongyang) 1950 border incidents led to North invading South. UN (mainly US) army under MacArthur drove them back and went on to the Chinese border. Mao Tse tung entered the war and again the South was invaded. Truman sacked MacArthur. 1953 Stalin died (Khrushchev) and Eisenhower became President. War ended. 38th Parallel resumed. Results: · Over 1million dead. Country in ruins · Increased tension · New ally for US · UN authority established The Cold War Spreads · The Arms Race began in earnest (H-bombs, ICBMs) · Space Race (1957 Sputnik 1 first satellite, 1961 Gagarin in space, 1969 man on the moon) · Propaganda · Sports Case Study 3 The Cuban Missile Crisis US backed Batista dictatorship. US industry and sugar plantations. 1959 Castro’s communist revolution nationalised the above. US sanctions = Khrushchev + USSR bought Cuban sugar and sold weapons. Kennedy and CIA = Bay of Pigs failure. 1962 U2 photographed Soviet missile bases under construction in Cuba Kennedy’s blockade. Very close to war. USSR agreed to dismantle bases Results: Both sides took measures to prevent nuclear war 1963 US missile bases in Turkey dismantled ‘hotline’ set up Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (above ground) The Cold War Comes to an End 1985 Gorbachev comes to power. Wanted to reform communism so the people would be better off. ‘Perestroika’ (reconstruction) and Glastnost (openness) He wanted to cut military spending and made agreements with Reagan and Bush (snr) to scrap thousands of nuclear missiles. Gorbachev’s promise not to use force to prevent democracy (Breznev Doctrine) in eastern Europe led to the collapse of communism in East Germany and other countries 1989 Berlin Wall came down 1990 Germany reunited The USSR began to break up. THE RISE OF THE SUPERPOWERS Causes of the Cold War · Political differences · Disagreements during WW2 . The US slow to open ‘second front’. 27 m Russians died. Atomic bomb not shared with USSR. · The Iron Curtain. Buffer zone of ‘satellite states’. Tension. · The Truman doctrine. Originally to help Greece and Turkey (Communist pressure) led to the ‘Marshall plan’. The Russians competed with ‘Comecon’ Case Study 1. The Berlin Blockade 1948. Causes. At Yalta and Potsdam, Germany was divided into zones. So was Berlin. These were supposed to be temporary. USSR wanted revenge and stripped its zone. The Allies did not want another Versailles and wanted a strong ally. Course. When the Allies introduced the Deutschmark the Russians cut off routes to Berlin. Russians hoping Allies would leave Berlin The Berlin Airlift. 3 air corridors. Plane landing every 90 seconds. People suffered. After 11 months in May 1949 blockade lifted Results · War did not happen · East and West Germany to stay · NATO and Warsaw Pact · Tension · 1961 The Berlin Wall. Case Study 2. The Korean War. After WW2 38th Parallel 1948 US backed Republic of Korea elected in the south (Seoul) USSR Democratic Republic of Korea in the north (Pyongyang) 1950 border incidents led to North invading South. UN (mainly US) army under MacArthur drove them back and went on to the Chinese border. Mao Tse tung entered the war and again the South was invaded. Truman sacked MacArthur. 1953 Stalin died (Khrushchev) and Eisenhower became President. War ended. 38th Parallel resumed. Results: · Over 1million dead. Country in ruins · Increased tension · New ally for US · UN authority established The Cold War Spreads · The Arms Race began in earnest (H-bombs, ICBMs) · Space Race (1957 Sputnik 1 first satellite, 1961 Gagarin in space, 1969 man on the moon) · Propaganda · Sports Case Study 3 The Cuban Missile Crisis US backed Batista dictatorship. US industry and sugar plantations. 1959 Castro’s communist revolution nationalised the above. US sanctions = Khrushchev + USSR bought Cuban sugar and sold weapons. Kennedy and CIA = Bay of Pigs failure. 1962 U2 photographed Soviet missile bases under construction in Cuba Kennedy’s blockade. Very close to war. USSR agreed to dismantle bases Results: Both sides took measures to prevent nuclear war 1963 US missile bases in Turkey dismantled ‘hotline’ set up Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (above ground) The Cold War Comes to an End 1985 Gorbachev comes to power. Wanted to reform communism so the people would be better off. ‘Perestroika’ (reconstruction) and Glastnost (openness) He wanted to cut military spending and made agreements with Reagan and Bush (snr) to scrap thousands of nuclear missiles. Gorbachev’s promise not to use force to prevent democracy (Breznev Doctrine) in eastern Europe led to the collapse of communism in East Germany and other countries 1989 Berlin Wall came down 1990 Germany reunited The USSR began to break up. |
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